Selasa, 30 November 2010
the tree in my heart
There's been a big tree in my heart. It has a strong stem and heavy leaves. It died so many years ago. It now grows again after some rain...
Kamis, 29 April 2010
Mengapa kita perlu berjilbab.
Ayat tentang Jilbab
Hari lalu telah kita bahas soalan WAJIBnya tudung/jilbab menurut Qur'an & Alkitab Christian, 2 kitab ini sama mewajibkan wanitanya untok menggunakan tudung, tapi terbukti orang nasrani mengingkari ajaran dalam kitabnya mereka sendiri, sementara cuma ISLAM lah yg tetap melaksanakan ajaran yg hilang dari umat terdahulu.
Sekarang ni,,, untok para muslimah, mari kita tingkatkan ketaatan kita pada ALLAH dengan memperbaiki tudung/jilbab kita yg kurang betul.
Mari kita tengok Qur'an soalan ini:
Qs.24 Nuur:31. Katakanlah kepada wanita yang beriman: "Hendaklah mereka menahan pandangannya, dan kemaluannya, dan janganlah mereka menampakkan perhiasannya, kecuali yang (biasa) nampak dari padanya. Dan hendaklah mereka MENUTUPKAN KAIN KERUDUNG KE DADANYA
Qs.33 Ahzab:59. Hai Nabi, katakanlah kepada isteri-isterimu, anak-anak perempuanmu dan isteri-isteri orang mukmin: "Hendaklah mereka mengulurkan jilbabnya KE SELURUH TUBUH MEREKA". Yang demikian itu supaya mereka lebih mudah untuk dikenal, karena itu mereka tidak di ganggu. Dan Allah adalah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang.
Qs.7 A'raaf:26. Hai anak Adam, sesungguhnya Kami telah menurunkan kepadamu pakaian untuk menutup AURATmu dan pakaian indah untuk perhiasan. Dan pakaian takwa itulah yang paling baik. Yang demikian itu adalah sebahagian dari tanda-tanda kekuasaan Allah, mudah-mudahan mereka selalu ingat.
Dari Ayat diatas, paling kurang boleh ditarik beberapa point:
1. PAKAIAN HARUS LONGGAR KE SELURUH TUBUH
2. TUDUNG/JILBAB KENA MENUTUPI DADA
3. BENTUK TUBUH TAK BOLEH NAMPAK
4. RAMBUT IALAH PERHIASAN WANITA MAKA TAK BOLEH NAMPAK
Tambahan 1 lagi ialah disarankan agar gunakan warna yg tak menarik/memikat... sederhana lagi disukai ALLAH daripada berlebihan. Untok guna pakaian ini pun tak perlu yg mahal sangat, kerana mubazir dalam harta ialah sesuatu yg disuka sangat oleh Syaithan.
Qs. 17 Israa':27. Sesungguhnya pemboros-pemboros itu adalah saudara-saudara syaitan dan syaitan itu adalah sangat ingkar kepada Tuhannya.
Dan dibawah ini ialah tulisan soalan WAJIBNYA TUDUNG/JILBAB BAIK DALAM QUR'AN MAUPUN ALKITAB CHRISTIAN kat wall post beberapa hari lalu
--------------------------
Seringkali, kaum kafir tak suka & menghina muslimah yg bertudung/jilbab, bahkan selalunya mereka berlaku tak adil pada muslimah itu, meski di kerajaan/negeri dengan mayoriti Islam.
Ada pulak Islam Liberal, dengan mengaku muslim tapi membenci Islam, mengatakan jika tudung/jilbab itu tak wajib, rambut itu bukan aurat, demi kebebasan wanita, hak azasi dan hal lainnya.
Kita tak payah risau dengan segala celaan orang yg mencela, kerana dia orang kufar lah yg tak membaca alkitab christian mereka dengan hati kecil mereka yg jujur.
Jika tudung benar, apa buktinya???
Jika tudung salah, apa buktinya???
Tudung/jilbab pun diwajibkan oleh alkitab christian. Sy cakap seperti ini bukan menurut hati sy, tapi sy selalunya cakap dengan BUKTI TERKUAT, yaitu dari kitab masing-masing agama kerana kitab itu diakui "katanya" sebagai perkataan TUHAN.
Tudung muslimah pun diwajibkan oleh alkitab christian.
1 Korintus 11:5 Tetapi tiap-tiap perempuan yang berdoa atau bernubuat dengan kepala yang tidak bertudung, menghina kepalanya, sebab ia sama dengan perempuan yang dicukur rambutnya.
11:6 Sebab jika perempuan tidak mau menudungi kepalanya, maka haruslah ia juga menggunting rambutnya. Tetapi jika bagi perempuan adalah penghinaan, bahwa rambutnya digunting atau dicukur, maka HARUSLAH IA MENUDUNGI KEPALANYA.
11:7 Sebab laki-laki tidak perlu menudungi kepalanya: ia menyinarkan gambaran dan kemuliaan Allah. Tetapi perempuan menyinarkan kemuliaan laki-laki.
11:8 Sebab laki-laki tidak berasal dari perempuan, tetapi perempuan berasal dari laki-laki.
11:9 Dan laki-laki tidak diciptakan karena perempuan, tetapi perempuan diciptakan karena laki-laki.
11:10 Sebab itu, PEREMPUAN HARUS MEMAKAI TANDA WIBAWA DI KEPALANYA oleh karena para malaikat.
11:11 Namun demikian, dalam Tuhan tidak ada perempuan tanpa laki-laki dan tidak ada laki-laki tanpa perempuan.
11:12 Sebab sama seperti perempuan berasal dari laki-laki, demikian pula laki-laki dilahirkan oleh perempuan; dan segala sesuatu berasal dari Allah.
11:13 Pertimbangkanlah sendiri: PATUTKAH PEREMPUAN BERDOA KEPADA ALLAH DENGAN KEPALA TIDAK BERTUDUNG?
Ayat diatas diambil dari surat pertama Paulus kepada jemaat di korintus.
Tapi ajaran yg sudah hilang, ditinggalkan & tak diikuti lagi oleh ummat terdahulu, dimurnikan lagi oleh ALLAH dalam Qur'an:
Qs.33 Ahzab:59. Hai Nabi, katakanlah kepada isteri-isterimu, anak-anak perempuanmu dan isteri-isteri orang mukmin: "Hendaklah mereka mengulurkan jilbabnya KE SELURUH TUBUH MEREKA". Yang demikian itu supaya mereka lebih mudah untuk dikenal, karena itu mereka tidak di ganggu. Dan Allah adalah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang.
Qs.24 Nuur:31. Katakanlah kepada wanita yang beriman: "Hendaklah mereka menahan pandangannya, dan kemaluannya, dan janganlah mereka menampakkan perhiasannya, kecuali yang (biasa) nampak dari padanya. Dan hendaklah mereka MENUTUPKAN KAIN KERUDUNG KE DADANYA, dan janganlah menampakkan perhiasannya kecuali kepada suami mereka, atau ayah mereka, atau ayah suami mereka, atau putera-putera mereka, atau putera-putera suami mereka, atau saudara-saudara laki-laki mereka, atau putera-putera saudara lelaki mereka, atau putera-putera saudara perempuan mereka, atau wanita-wanita islam, atau budak- budak yang mereka miliki, atau pelayan-pelayan laki-laki yang tidak mempunyai keinginan (terhadap wanita) atau anak-anak yang belum mengerti tentang aurat wanita. Dan janganlah mereka memukulkan kakinyua agar diketahui perhiasan yang mereka sembunyikan. Dan bertaubatlah kamu sekalian kepada Allah, hai orang-orang yang beriman supaya kamu beruntung.
Qs.24 Nuur:60. Dan perempuan-perempuan tua yang telah terhenti (dari haid dan mengandung) yang tiada ingin kawin (lagi), tiadalah atas mereka dosa menanggalkan pakaian mereka dengan tidak (bermaksud) menampakkan perhiasan, dan berlaku sopan adalah lebih baik bagi mereka. Dan Allah Maha Mendengar lagi Maha Bijaksana.
Qs.7 A'raaf:26. Hai anak Adam, sesungguhnya Kami telah menurunkan kepadamu pakaian untuk menutup auratmu dan pakaian indah untuk perhiasan. Dan pakaian takwa itulah yang paling baik. Yang demikian itu adalah sebahagian dari tanda-tanda kekuasaan Allah, mudah-mudahan mereka selalu ingat.
Dan kenyataannya, ummat Islam-lah yang mengamalkan kewajiban tersebut sehingga masa ni. Lalu, jika tudung/jilbab diwajibkan oleh alkitab christian, mengapa mereka membenci muslimah bertudung?
Bagi saudari muslimah yg belum bertudung, mari kita bertudung, apa mau ditunggu lagi??? Ramai muslimah cakap belum siap, masih merasa tak baik, dan lainnya. Jika kena tunggu baik, maka sampai mati pun tak kan pernah merasa baik kerana manusia akan selalu merasa berdosa kerana kesilapan di masa lalu, kita ni manusia memiliki nafsu, bukannya malaikat yg selalu berbuat benar kerana tak ber-nafsu.
Dan bagi saudari muslimah yg sudah bertudung, mari perpaiki tudung kita dengan MENUTUPKAN KAIN TUDUNG KE DADA & MENGULURKAN KERUDUNG KE SELURUH TUBUH seperti yg perintahkan oleh ALLAH (bukan diperintah oleh manusia) dalam Qur'an.
Bagi saudari yg tudungnya sudah baik, mari kita ajak sekitar kita, rakan & saudari kita untok bertudung sahaja dahulu. Untok awal pertama, tak payah menutupi dada pun tak apa. Semua kena dilakukan bertahap, pelan-perlahan.
Ratu kecantikan yang ikut "Miss Universe Contest" pun tak tahu malu & tak ber-adab. Bahkan tak ber-adab sama sekali kerana maksiat yg dia lakukan di syiar-kan pada ramai orang sekali, bukan 1-2 negara, tapi syiar maksiat itu menyebar ke seluruh dunia.
Jadi menurut budaya barat, mengenakan bikini "2 pieces" itu masih biasa sahaja, masih sopan. Ada lagi yg teruk iaitu Lelaki, wanita, remaja, tua, muda, budak kecil pun lari sama-sama dengan telanjang bulat!
Bukan dalam gedung, tapi di jalan raya sekali..!!! Masok televisien pulak!!
Jika saudara mempunyai istri & anak gadis, bolehkah jika mereka menjumpai acara lari massal telanjang berkenaan???
Sekarang, apakah anda ingin disukai oleh orang kafir dengan tdk menggunakan kerudung? atau... ingin disukai ALLAH kerana bertudung?
Jadi,,, 1 bukti lagi... ISLAM TERBUKTI BENAR....
Qs.3 Ali Imran:85 Barangsiapa mencari agama selain agama Islam, maka SEKALI-KALI TIDAK AKAN DITERIMA daripadanya, dan dia di akhirat termasuk orang-orang yang rugi
Qs.3 Ali Imran:19 Sesungguhnya agama disisi Allah HANYALAH Islam. Tiada berselisih orang-orang yang telah diberi Kitab kecuali sesudah datang pengetahuan kepada mereka, karena kedengkian (yang ada) di antara mereka. Barangsiapa yang kafir terhadap ayat-ayat Allah maka sesungguhnya Allah sangat cepat hisab-Nya
Tolong jemput/undang rakan + saudara di bawah gambar daripada page ini agar ramai orang saling ingat meng-ingati sesama insan:
http://www.facebook.com/pages/-ISLAM-TERBUKTI-BENAR-
Hari lalu telah kita bahas soalan WAJIBnya tudung/jilbab menurut Qur'an & Alkitab Christian, 2 kitab ini sama mewajibkan wanitanya untok menggunakan tudung, tapi terbukti orang nasrani mengingkari ajaran dalam kitabnya mereka sendiri, sementara cuma ISLAM lah yg tetap melaksanakan ajaran yg hilang dari umat terdahulu.
Sekarang ni,,, untok para muslimah, mari kita tingkatkan ketaatan kita pada ALLAH dengan memperbaiki tudung/jilbab kita yg kurang betul.
Mari kita tengok Qur'an soalan ini:
Qs.24 Nuur:31. Katakanlah kepada wanita yang beriman: "Hendaklah mereka menahan pandangannya, dan kemaluannya, dan janganlah mereka menampakkan perhiasannya, kecuali yang (biasa) nampak dari padanya. Dan hendaklah mereka MENUTUPKAN KAIN KERUDUNG KE DADANYA
Qs.33 Ahzab:59. Hai Nabi, katakanlah kepada isteri-isterimu, anak-anak perempuanmu dan isteri-isteri orang mukmin: "Hendaklah mereka mengulurkan jilbabnya KE SELURUH TUBUH MEREKA". Yang demikian itu supaya mereka lebih mudah untuk dikenal, karena itu mereka tidak di ganggu. Dan Allah adalah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang.
Qs.7 A'raaf:26. Hai anak Adam, sesungguhnya Kami telah menurunkan kepadamu pakaian untuk menutup AURATmu dan pakaian indah untuk perhiasan. Dan pakaian takwa itulah yang paling baik. Yang demikian itu adalah sebahagian dari tanda-tanda kekuasaan Allah, mudah-mudahan mereka selalu ingat.
Dari Ayat diatas, paling kurang boleh ditarik beberapa point:
1. PAKAIAN HARUS LONGGAR KE SELURUH TUBUH
2. TUDUNG/JILBAB KENA MENUTUPI DADA
3. BENTUK TUBUH TAK BOLEH NAMPAK
4. RAMBUT IALAH PERHIASAN WANITA MAKA TAK BOLEH NAMPAK
Tambahan 1 lagi ialah disarankan agar gunakan warna yg tak menarik/memikat... sederhana lagi disukai ALLAH daripada berlebihan. Untok guna pakaian ini pun tak perlu yg mahal sangat, kerana mubazir dalam harta ialah sesuatu yg disuka sangat oleh Syaithan.
Qs. 17 Israa':27. Sesungguhnya pemboros-pemboros itu adalah saudara-saudara syaitan dan syaitan itu adalah sangat ingkar kepada Tuhannya.
Dan dibawah ini ialah tulisan soalan WAJIBNYA TUDUNG/JILBAB BAIK DALAM QUR'AN MAUPUN ALKITAB CHRISTIAN kat wall post beberapa hari lalu
--------------------------
Seringkali, kaum kafir tak suka & menghina muslimah yg bertudung/jilbab, bahkan selalunya mereka berlaku tak adil pada muslimah itu, meski di kerajaan/negeri dengan mayoriti Islam.
Ada pulak Islam Liberal, dengan mengaku muslim tapi membenci Islam, mengatakan jika tudung/jilbab itu tak wajib, rambut itu bukan aurat, demi kebebasan wanita, hak azasi dan hal lainnya.
Kita tak payah risau dengan segala celaan orang yg mencela, kerana dia orang kufar lah yg tak membaca alkitab christian mereka dengan hati kecil mereka yg jujur.
Jika tudung benar, apa buktinya???
Jika tudung salah, apa buktinya???
Tudung/jilbab pun diwajibkan oleh alkitab christian. Sy cakap seperti ini bukan menurut hati sy, tapi sy selalunya cakap dengan BUKTI TERKUAT, yaitu dari kitab masing-masing agama kerana kitab itu diakui "katanya" sebagai perkataan TUHAN.
Tudung muslimah pun diwajibkan oleh alkitab christian.
1 Korintus 11:5 Tetapi tiap-tiap perempuan yang berdoa atau bernubuat dengan kepala yang tidak bertudung, menghina kepalanya, sebab ia sama dengan perempuan yang dicukur rambutnya.
11:6 Sebab jika perempuan tidak mau menudungi kepalanya, maka haruslah ia juga menggunting rambutnya. Tetapi jika bagi perempuan adalah penghinaan, bahwa rambutnya digunting atau dicukur, maka HARUSLAH IA MENUDUNGI KEPALANYA.
11:7 Sebab laki-laki tidak perlu menudungi kepalanya: ia menyinarkan gambaran dan kemuliaan Allah. Tetapi perempuan menyinarkan kemuliaan laki-laki.
11:8 Sebab laki-laki tidak berasal dari perempuan, tetapi perempuan berasal dari laki-laki.
11:9 Dan laki-laki tidak diciptakan karena perempuan, tetapi perempuan diciptakan karena laki-laki.
11:10 Sebab itu, PEREMPUAN HARUS MEMAKAI TANDA WIBAWA DI KEPALANYA oleh karena para malaikat.
11:11 Namun demikian, dalam Tuhan tidak ada perempuan tanpa laki-laki dan tidak ada laki-laki tanpa perempuan.
11:12 Sebab sama seperti perempuan berasal dari laki-laki, demikian pula laki-laki dilahirkan oleh perempuan; dan segala sesuatu berasal dari Allah.
11:13 Pertimbangkanlah sendiri: PATUTKAH PEREMPUAN BERDOA KEPADA ALLAH DENGAN KEPALA TIDAK BERTUDUNG?
Ayat diatas diambil dari surat pertama Paulus kepada jemaat di korintus.
Tapi ajaran yg sudah hilang, ditinggalkan & tak diikuti lagi oleh ummat terdahulu, dimurnikan lagi oleh ALLAH dalam Qur'an:
Qs.33 Ahzab:59. Hai Nabi, katakanlah kepada isteri-isterimu, anak-anak perempuanmu dan isteri-isteri orang mukmin: "Hendaklah mereka mengulurkan jilbabnya KE SELURUH TUBUH MEREKA". Yang demikian itu supaya mereka lebih mudah untuk dikenal, karena itu mereka tidak di ganggu. Dan Allah adalah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang.
Qs.24 Nuur:31. Katakanlah kepada wanita yang beriman: "Hendaklah mereka menahan pandangannya, dan kemaluannya, dan janganlah mereka menampakkan perhiasannya, kecuali yang (biasa) nampak dari padanya. Dan hendaklah mereka MENUTUPKAN KAIN KERUDUNG KE DADANYA, dan janganlah menampakkan perhiasannya kecuali kepada suami mereka, atau ayah mereka, atau ayah suami mereka, atau putera-putera mereka, atau putera-putera suami mereka, atau saudara-saudara laki-laki mereka, atau putera-putera saudara lelaki mereka, atau putera-putera saudara perempuan mereka, atau wanita-wanita islam, atau budak- budak yang mereka miliki, atau pelayan-pelayan laki-laki yang tidak mempunyai keinginan (terhadap wanita) atau anak-anak yang belum mengerti tentang aurat wanita. Dan janganlah mereka memukulkan kakinyua agar diketahui perhiasan yang mereka sembunyikan. Dan bertaubatlah kamu sekalian kepada Allah, hai orang-orang yang beriman supaya kamu beruntung.
Qs.24 Nuur:60. Dan perempuan-perempuan tua yang telah terhenti (dari haid dan mengandung) yang tiada ingin kawin (lagi), tiadalah atas mereka dosa menanggalkan pakaian mereka dengan tidak (bermaksud) menampakkan perhiasan, dan berlaku sopan adalah lebih baik bagi mereka. Dan Allah Maha Mendengar lagi Maha Bijaksana.
Qs.7 A'raaf:26. Hai anak Adam, sesungguhnya Kami telah menurunkan kepadamu pakaian untuk menutup auratmu dan pakaian indah untuk perhiasan. Dan pakaian takwa itulah yang paling baik. Yang demikian itu adalah sebahagian dari tanda-tanda kekuasaan Allah, mudah-mudahan mereka selalu ingat.
Dan kenyataannya, ummat Islam-lah yang mengamalkan kewajiban tersebut sehingga masa ni. Lalu, jika tudung/jilbab diwajibkan oleh alkitab christian, mengapa mereka membenci muslimah bertudung?
Bagi saudari muslimah yg belum bertudung, mari kita bertudung, apa mau ditunggu lagi??? Ramai muslimah cakap belum siap, masih merasa tak baik, dan lainnya. Jika kena tunggu baik, maka sampai mati pun tak kan pernah merasa baik kerana manusia akan selalu merasa berdosa kerana kesilapan di masa lalu, kita ni manusia memiliki nafsu, bukannya malaikat yg selalu berbuat benar kerana tak ber-nafsu.
Dan bagi saudari muslimah yg sudah bertudung, mari perpaiki tudung kita dengan MENUTUPKAN KAIN TUDUNG KE DADA & MENGULURKAN KERUDUNG KE SELURUH TUBUH seperti yg perintahkan oleh ALLAH (bukan diperintah oleh manusia) dalam Qur'an.
Bagi saudari yg tudungnya sudah baik, mari kita ajak sekitar kita, rakan & saudari kita untok bertudung sahaja dahulu. Untok awal pertama, tak payah menutupi dada pun tak apa. Semua kena dilakukan bertahap, pelan-perlahan.
Ratu kecantikan yang ikut "Miss Universe Contest" pun tak tahu malu & tak ber-adab. Bahkan tak ber-adab sama sekali kerana maksiat yg dia lakukan di syiar-kan pada ramai orang sekali, bukan 1-2 negara, tapi syiar maksiat itu menyebar ke seluruh dunia.
Jadi menurut budaya barat, mengenakan bikini "2 pieces" itu masih biasa sahaja, masih sopan. Ada lagi yg teruk iaitu Lelaki, wanita, remaja, tua, muda, budak kecil pun lari sama-sama dengan telanjang bulat!
Bukan dalam gedung, tapi di jalan raya sekali..!!! Masok televisien pulak!!
Jika saudara mempunyai istri & anak gadis, bolehkah jika mereka menjumpai acara lari massal telanjang berkenaan???
Sekarang, apakah anda ingin disukai oleh orang kafir dengan tdk menggunakan kerudung? atau... ingin disukai ALLAH kerana bertudung?
Jadi,,, 1 bukti lagi... ISLAM TERBUKTI BENAR....
Qs.3 Ali Imran:85 Barangsiapa mencari agama selain agama Islam, maka SEKALI-KALI TIDAK AKAN DITERIMA daripadanya, dan dia di akhirat termasuk orang-orang yang rugi
Qs.3 Ali Imran:19 Sesungguhnya agama disisi Allah HANYALAH Islam. Tiada berselisih orang-orang yang telah diberi Kitab kecuali sesudah datang pengetahuan kepada mereka, karena kedengkian (yang ada) di antara mereka. Barangsiapa yang kafir terhadap ayat-ayat Allah maka sesungguhnya Allah sangat cepat hisab-Nya
Tolong jemput/undang rakan + saudara di bawah gambar daripada page ini agar ramai orang saling ingat meng-ingati sesama insan:
http://www.facebook.com/pages/-ISLAM-TERBUKTI-BENAR-
Senin, 25 Januari 2010
a brief history of language teaching
A Brief History of Language Teaching.
This writing is a kind of summary taken from the book of Jack C Richard and Theodore S Rodgers, entitled “ Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, a description an analysis”
Changes in language teaching methods have occurred so many times. Most of the changes are in the kind of proficiency learner needs, such as a move toward oral proficiency rather than reading comprehension as a goal language study. Language experts such as Kelly ( 1969) and Howatt ( 1984) stated that many current issues in language teaching are not really new.
Grammar Translation Method
As we know that English is the most widely used for communication today. Five hundred years ago, it was Latin. English replaced the importance of Latin as a result of political changes in Europe, but the way of studying foreign languages still used the standard way of studying Latin in schools. The lessons covered grammar point. Each grammar point was listed, rules on its use were explained and illustrated by sample sentences. Oral work was reduced. Most of the teaching were: lists of vocabulary, grammar rules, sentences for translation. Speaking ability was not the ultimate goal. So that there was not, sometimes, relation between studying the language with the real communication. This way of teaching became known today as “ The Grammar Translation Method (GTM) ” or well known in The US as The Prussian Method.
The main characteristics of GTM were:
1. The main goal of the learning is to read literature in order to benefit from the mental discipline and intellectual development.
2. Reading and writing are the major focus. Speaking and listening are less taught.
3. Vocabulary selection is based on reading text used.
4. Sentence is the basic unit of teaching and language practice. Most of the lessons is devoted to translating sentences into and out of target language.
5. Grammatical accurateness is emphasized.
6. The students’ native language is the medium of the instruction.
This method was very hard for students. They got bored memorizing thousands of words and rules, thus it did not give good result for speaking proficiency. In the middle of nineteenth century several factors rejected the GTM.
Direct Method (DM)
This method was the result of observation of children’s language acquisition. Sauveur, the founder of the method, argued that foreign language could be taught without translation or the use of the learners’ native tongue thus it could be obtained naturally. This is why it was also called Natural Method. It emphasized teaching process in the classroom by encouraging students to speak spontaneously and directly and less attention to the grammar and rules. Vocabulary was taught using mime, demonstration and pictures. Some of the Direct Methods principles were: only everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught, Oral communication skills were built up in carefully graded progression, grammar was taught inductively, new teaching points were introduced orally.
Unfortunately this method only quite successful in private school, and difficult to implement in public school because it had some weaknesses such as: It required native speakers or those who had proficiency in foreign language, and it was difficult for teacher to avoid using mother tongue during the learning process. By the 1920s the use of DM gradually declined. In France and Germany the DM was modified into version that combined some DM techniques with more controlled grammar- based activities.
This writing is a kind of summary taken from the book of Jack C Richard and Theodore S Rodgers, entitled “ Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, a description an analysis”
Changes in language teaching methods have occurred so many times. Most of the changes are in the kind of proficiency learner needs, such as a move toward oral proficiency rather than reading comprehension as a goal language study. Language experts such as Kelly ( 1969) and Howatt ( 1984) stated that many current issues in language teaching are not really new.
Grammar Translation Method
As we know that English is the most widely used for communication today. Five hundred years ago, it was Latin. English replaced the importance of Latin as a result of political changes in Europe, but the way of studying foreign languages still used the standard way of studying Latin in schools. The lessons covered grammar point. Each grammar point was listed, rules on its use were explained and illustrated by sample sentences. Oral work was reduced. Most of the teaching were: lists of vocabulary, grammar rules, sentences for translation. Speaking ability was not the ultimate goal. So that there was not, sometimes, relation between studying the language with the real communication. This way of teaching became known today as “ The Grammar Translation Method (GTM) ” or well known in The US as The Prussian Method.
The main characteristics of GTM were:
1. The main goal of the learning is to read literature in order to benefit from the mental discipline and intellectual development.
2. Reading and writing are the major focus. Speaking and listening are less taught.
3. Vocabulary selection is based on reading text used.
4. Sentence is the basic unit of teaching and language practice. Most of the lessons is devoted to translating sentences into and out of target language.
5. Grammatical accurateness is emphasized.
6. The students’ native language is the medium of the instruction.
This method was very hard for students. They got bored memorizing thousands of words and rules, thus it did not give good result for speaking proficiency. In the middle of nineteenth century several factors rejected the GTM.
Direct Method (DM)
This method was the result of observation of children’s language acquisition. Sauveur, the founder of the method, argued that foreign language could be taught without translation or the use of the learners’ native tongue thus it could be obtained naturally. This is why it was also called Natural Method. It emphasized teaching process in the classroom by encouraging students to speak spontaneously and directly and less attention to the grammar and rules. Vocabulary was taught using mime, demonstration and pictures. Some of the Direct Methods principles were: only everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught, Oral communication skills were built up in carefully graded progression, grammar was taught inductively, new teaching points were introduced orally.
Unfortunately this method only quite successful in private school, and difficult to implement in public school because it had some weaknesses such as: It required native speakers or those who had proficiency in foreign language, and it was difficult for teacher to avoid using mother tongue during the learning process. By the 1920s the use of DM gradually declined. In France and Germany the DM was modified into version that combined some DM techniques with more controlled grammar- based activities.
Rabu, 10 September 2008
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Hayoo wis kenal enyong durung?
Saiki enyong wis ra neng jogja, nyuk! nek kowe dho nggoleki aku neng jogja ra iso ketemu. Alamate: goleki wae neng pojok alun alun magelang saben sore jam-jam bar isya'. Wis yo nyuk!!
Fairy Tales - The Frog Prince
by Brothers Grimm
One fine evening a young princess put on her bonnet and clogs, and went out to take a walk by herself in a wood; and when she came to a cool spring of water with a rose in the middle of it, she sat herself down to rest a while. Now she had a golden ball in her hand, which was her favourite plaything; and she was always tossing it up into the air, and catching it again as it fell.
After a time she threw it up so high that she missed catching it as it fell; and the ball bounded away, and rolled along on the ground, until at last it fell down into the spring. The princess looked into the spring after her ball, but it was very deep, so deep that she could not see the bottom of it. She began to cry, and said, 'Alas! if I could only get my ball again, I would give all my fine clothes and jewels, and everything that I have in the world.'
Whilst she was speaking, a frog put its head out of the water, and said, 'Princess, why do you weep so bitterly?'
'Alas!' said she, 'what can you do for me, you nasty frog? My golden ball has fallen into the spring.'
The frog said, 'I do not want your pearls, and jewels, and fine clothes; but if you will love me, and let me live with you and eat from off your golden plate, and sleep on your bed, I will bring you your ball again.'
'What nonsense,' thought the princess, 'this silly frog is talking! He can never even get out of the spring to visit me, though he may be able to get my ball for me, and therefore I will tell him he shall have what he asks.'
So she said to the frog, 'Well, if you will bring me my ball, I will do all you ask.'
Then the frog put his head down, and dived deep under the water; and after a little while he came up again, with the ball in his mouth, and threw it on the edge of the spring.
As soon as the young princess saw her ball, she ran to pick it up; and she was so overjoyed to have it in her hand again, that she never thought of the frog, but ran home with it as fast as she could.
The frog called after her, 'Stay, princess, and take me with you as you said,'
But she did not stop to hear a word.
The next day, just as the princess had sat down to dinner, she heard a strange noise - tap, tap - plash, plash - as if something was coming up the marble staircase, and soon afterwards there was a gentle knock at the door, and a little voice cried out and said:
'Open the door, my princess dear,
Open the door to thy true love here!
And mind the words that thou and I said
By the fountain cool, in the greenwood shade.'
Then the princess ran to the door and opened it, and there she saw the frog, whom she had quite forgotten. At this sight she was sadly frightened, and shutting the door as fast as she could came back to her seat.
The king, her father, seeing that something had frightened her, asked her what was the matter.
'There is a nasty frog,' said she, 'at the door, that lifted my ball for me out of the spring this morning. I told him that he should live with me here, thinking that he could never get out of the spring; but there he is at the door, and he wants to come in.'
While she was speaking the frog knocked again at the door, and said:
'Open the door, my princess dear,
Open the door to thy true love here!
And mind the words that thou and I said
By the fountain cool, in the greenwood shade.'
Then the king said to the young princess, 'As you have given your word you must keep it; so go and let him in.'
She did so, and the frog hopped into the room, and then straight on - tap, tap - plash, plash - from the bottom of the room to the top, till he came up close to the table where the princess sat.
'Pray lift me upon chair,' said he to the princess, 'and let me sit next to you.'
As soon as she had done this, the frog said, 'Put your plate nearer to me, that I may eat out of it.'
This she did, and when he had eaten as much as he could, he said, 'Now I am tired; carry me upstairs, and put me into your bed.' And the princess, though very unwilling, took him up in her hand, and put him upon the pillow of her own bed, where he slept all night long.
As soon as it was light the frog jumped up, hopped downstairs, and went out of the house.
'Now, then,' thought the princess, 'at last he is gone, and I shall be troubled with him no more.'
But she was mistaken; for when night came again she heard the same tapping at the door; and the frog came once more, and said:
'Open the door, my princess dear,
Open the door to thy true love here!
And mind the words that thou and I said
By the fountain cool, in the greenwood shade.'
And when the princess opened the door the frog came in, and slept upon her pillow as before, till the morning broke. And the third night he did the same. But when the princess awoke on the following morning she was astonished to see, instead of the frog, a handsome prince, gazing on her with the most beautiful eyes she had ever seen and standing at the head of her bed.
He told her that he had been enchanted by a spiteful fairy, who had changed him into a frog; and that he had been fated so to abide till some princess should take him out of the spring, and let him eat from her plate, and sleep upon her bed for three nights.
'You,' said the prince, 'have broken his cruel charm, and now I have nothing to wish for but that you should go with me into my father's kingdom, where I will marry you, and love you as long as you live.'
The young princess, you may be sure, was not long in saying 'Yes' to all this; and as they spoke a brightly coloured coach drove up, with eight beautiful horses, decked with plumes of feathers and a golden harness; and behind the coach rode the prince's servant, faithful Heinrich, who had bewailed the misfortunes of his dear master during his enchantment so long and so bitterly, that his heart had well-nigh burst.
They then took leave of the king, and got into the coach with eight horses, and all set out, full of joy and merriment, for the prince's kingdom, which they reached safely; and there they lived happily a great many years.
One fine evening a young princess put on her bonnet and clogs, and went out to take a walk by herself in a wood; and when she came to a cool spring of water with a rose in the middle of it, she sat herself down to rest a while. Now she had a golden ball in her hand, which was her favourite plaything; and she was always tossing it up into the air, and catching it again as it fell.
After a time she threw it up so high that she missed catching it as it fell; and the ball bounded away, and rolled along on the ground, until at last it fell down into the spring. The princess looked into the spring after her ball, but it was very deep, so deep that she could not see the bottom of it. She began to cry, and said, 'Alas! if I could only get my ball again, I would give all my fine clothes and jewels, and everything that I have in the world.'
Whilst she was speaking, a frog put its head out of the water, and said, 'Princess, why do you weep so bitterly?'
'Alas!' said she, 'what can you do for me, you nasty frog? My golden ball has fallen into the spring.'
The frog said, 'I do not want your pearls, and jewels, and fine clothes; but if you will love me, and let me live with you and eat from off your golden plate, and sleep on your bed, I will bring you your ball again.'
'What nonsense,' thought the princess, 'this silly frog is talking! He can never even get out of the spring to visit me, though he may be able to get my ball for me, and therefore I will tell him he shall have what he asks.'
So she said to the frog, 'Well, if you will bring me my ball, I will do all you ask.'
Then the frog put his head down, and dived deep under the water; and after a little while he came up again, with the ball in his mouth, and threw it on the edge of the spring.
As soon as the young princess saw her ball, she ran to pick it up; and she was so overjoyed to have it in her hand again, that she never thought of the frog, but ran home with it as fast as she could.
The frog called after her, 'Stay, princess, and take me with you as you said,'
But she did not stop to hear a word.
The next day, just as the princess had sat down to dinner, she heard a strange noise - tap, tap - plash, plash - as if something was coming up the marble staircase, and soon afterwards there was a gentle knock at the door, and a little voice cried out and said:
'Open the door, my princess dear,
Open the door to thy true love here!
And mind the words that thou and I said
By the fountain cool, in the greenwood shade.'
Then the princess ran to the door and opened it, and there she saw the frog, whom she had quite forgotten. At this sight she was sadly frightened, and shutting the door as fast as she could came back to her seat.
The king, her father, seeing that something had frightened her, asked her what was the matter.
'There is a nasty frog,' said she, 'at the door, that lifted my ball for me out of the spring this morning. I told him that he should live with me here, thinking that he could never get out of the spring; but there he is at the door, and he wants to come in.'
While she was speaking the frog knocked again at the door, and said:
'Open the door, my princess dear,
Open the door to thy true love here!
And mind the words that thou and I said
By the fountain cool, in the greenwood shade.'
Then the king said to the young princess, 'As you have given your word you must keep it; so go and let him in.'
She did so, and the frog hopped into the room, and then straight on - tap, tap - plash, plash - from the bottom of the room to the top, till he came up close to the table where the princess sat.
'Pray lift me upon chair,' said he to the princess, 'and let me sit next to you.'
As soon as she had done this, the frog said, 'Put your plate nearer to me, that I may eat out of it.'
This she did, and when he had eaten as much as he could, he said, 'Now I am tired; carry me upstairs, and put me into your bed.' And the princess, though very unwilling, took him up in her hand, and put him upon the pillow of her own bed, where he slept all night long.
As soon as it was light the frog jumped up, hopped downstairs, and went out of the house.
'Now, then,' thought the princess, 'at last he is gone, and I shall be troubled with him no more.'
But she was mistaken; for when night came again she heard the same tapping at the door; and the frog came once more, and said:
'Open the door, my princess dear,
Open the door to thy true love here!
And mind the words that thou and I said
By the fountain cool, in the greenwood shade.'
And when the princess opened the door the frog came in, and slept upon her pillow as before, till the morning broke. And the third night he did the same. But when the princess awoke on the following morning she was astonished to see, instead of the frog, a handsome prince, gazing on her with the most beautiful eyes she had ever seen and standing at the head of her bed.
He told her that he had been enchanted by a spiteful fairy, who had changed him into a frog; and that he had been fated so to abide till some princess should take him out of the spring, and let him eat from her plate, and sleep upon her bed for three nights.
'You,' said the prince, 'have broken his cruel charm, and now I have nothing to wish for but that you should go with me into my father's kingdom, where I will marry you, and love you as long as you live.'
The young princess, you may be sure, was not long in saying 'Yes' to all this; and as they spoke a brightly coloured coach drove up, with eight beautiful horses, decked with plumes of feathers and a golden harness; and behind the coach rode the prince's servant, faithful Heinrich, who had bewailed the misfortunes of his dear master during his enchantment so long and so bitterly, that his heart had well-nigh burst.
They then took leave of the king, and got into the coach with eight horses, and all set out, full of joy and merriment, for the prince's kingdom, which they reached safely; and there they lived happily a great many years.
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